INSTRUMENTATION

1- Instrumentation  -;

Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring  instrument that are used for indicating, measuring and recording physical quantities. The term has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrumentation making .

Instrumentation can refer to devices as simple as direct-reading Thermometer, or as complex as multi-sensor components of industrial control system. Today, instruments can be found in laboratories, refineries, factories and vehicles, as well as in everyday household use.

Different types of instruments are required for the measurement of different physicals quantities like temperature , pressure,flow,level, density ,viscosity ,humidity and concentration etc. Electronics plays an important role in these instruments. Sometimes ,these quantities are very small  e.g to determine the mass of electron and some times these quantities  are very large e.g. to determine the mass of earth or to determine the temperature of sun. These quantities cannot be measured by simple instruments . Without the electronic instrument , non work in any research organization is possible. Some of the important measuring electronic instruments are VTVM , cathode ray oscilloscope , single generator .pH meter and electronic counter etc.

Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that deals with measurement and control.According to ISA or known as Instrumentation and Systems Automation Society formerly known as Instrument Society of America, the official definition of Instrumentation – is a collection of Instruments and their application for the purpose of Observation, Measurement and Control. Reference: ISA std. S 51.1 – (Instrument Society of America)

2- VTVM-;

The voltmeter which uses the vacuum tube for amplifying the measurand AC and DC voltage is known as the vacuum tube voltmeter (VTM). The vacuum tube increases the sensitivity of the voltmeter because of which it can detect the signal of very weak strength.The electronic voltmeter is used for measuring the voltage of direct, RMS and peak voltage of the system. The vacuum tube has many advantages like they have high input impedance, wide frequency range and high sensitivity.

The most significant advantage of the VTM is that it can draw very less current as compared to the other meter. In VTM, the measuring signal is directly supplied to the vacuum tube of the meter. The vacuum tube is amplifying the signal and pass it to the deflecting meter.

The VTVM (Vacuum tube volt-ohm meter was ubiquitous in hobby and professional electronics shops for several decades in the middle of the 20th century. Although the professionals moved on to silicon based analog meters and then to digital meters there are still many hobbyists who for nostalgic reasons like having a VTVM on their bench even if they rarely use it. In the operation section of this article I will describe a scenario in which a VTVM will give more accurate and reliable readings than a modern digital meter.

I will begin with a clear description of how a typical VTVM works which may be a first time experience for some of you. Then I will move on to operating instructions. Incidentally the best instrument for troubleshooting a non working VTVM is a working VTVM. That's why it's always a good idea to have two of them.

2- C.R.O-;

Conversion rate optimization (CRO) is the practice of increasing the percentage of users who perform a desired action on a website. Desired actions can include purchasing a product, signing up for a service. Standard definitions of CRO, like the one we just wrote above, place their focus on conversion percentages, averages, and benchmarks. This emphasis on a numerical approach comes with a downside—the more you look at spreadsheets full of conversion data points and actions, the less you think of the individuals behind them.

Here is an alternative, more holistic and user-centric way of defining CRO: think of it as the process of focusing on understanding what drives, stops, and persuades your users, so you can give them the best experience possible—and that, in turn, is what makes them convert and ultimately improves your conversion rate.